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turnover? These are what Clay Christensen classified as "Processes" rather than "Resources" questions. The Actor model assumes all decisions come from individuals who are, in a large organization, Resources. They come and go. They can be hired and fired. The Political model asks further if the decision came from maneuvering between visible and invisible Actors. I would argue that the political dimension is prevalent in most large organizations and it is corrosive to the overall health of the organization. I would also argue that Steve Jobs designed Apple specifically to avoid the Political process. But we must still assume that it's at work to some degree. It's like entropy. When hearing about big staff changes at Apple, take a moment to reflect what decision processes are at work. How did that one (visible) Actor really influence the decisions made? Are you ascribing too much to them because they are visible? Are you assuming that tens of thousands of other individuals are not influential? That they are minions hired to act and not to ask questions? Doesn't Apple also say they hire people to tell Apple what to do? Allison did not say which model applied to the Cuban Missile Crisis. He left it to the reader to decide. I will do the same when it applies to any particular Apple decision .